Computer-managed instruction (CMI)
Computer-managed instruction (CMI) aids the instructor in instructional
management without actually doing the teaching. Central CMI themes discussed in
the literature are individualization, behavioral objectives, and educational
technology. The main objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of two
teaching strategies: CMI versus the traditional lecture method. The learning
objectives were based on specified theoretical content from a Health Assessment
course for baccalaureate nursing students. The design of the study was
quasi-experimental incorporating two experimental treatments applied to two
groups on two occasions. Data analysis addresses differences between groups
using CMI and the traditional lecture method.
Benefits and Limitations of CMI
With the flexibility of CMI systems, the instructor can choose
appropriate objectives and activities in the curriculum based on a specific
student’s needs. If it is conducive to the subject, the student can also decide
in which order to meet the objectives. The sequence of modules is flexible. The
student can also study and progress at his or her own pace as the CMI system is
basically instructor-free.
The limitation of this type of system is the need for a central
computer system that would allow the instructor to identify and control the
student’s activities in different locations at different times. With the
expansion of cable modems and DSL, this limitation is steadily becoming a
non-issue, except in remote areas. The purpose of CMI is to diagnose student
learning needs and prescribe instructional activities appropriate for the needs
assessed. This assessment can come from tests on different levels of
instruction which show where the student is lacking. The instructor can then
choose appropriate objectives, modules, lessons, and courses in the curriculum
for the student to study The student has the option of proving mastery of the
objectives through module tests that can be taken immediately, or after
completing the instructional activities. The student is also involved in
deciding which modules to pursue in which order. The pace at which to complete
the modules is up to the student since the activities are mostly
instructor-free. An example of a possible CMI system design is the Plato
Learning Management System (PLM) . Each
student will have a slightly different design as it is geared toward the
individual.
eTwinning
eTwinning is an action that
supports online-based projects between at least two schools from at least
two different countries. The eTwinning Portal was
designed to create, manage and run projects. eTwinning gives recognition,
visibility and free tools and support. Schools form a project and use Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) to carry out their work.
”eTwinning offers a platform for staff
(teachers, head teachers, librarians, etc.), working in a school in one of the
European countries involved, to communicate, collaborate, develop projects,
share and, in short, feel and be part of the most exciting learning community
in Europe. The eTwinning action promotes school collaboration in Europe
through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) by
providing support, tools and services for schools.”
(
http://www.etwinning.net)
Who
can participate?
o An
eTwinning project can be carried out by two or more teachers, teams of teachers
or subject departments, librarians, head teachers and pupils from schools
across Europe.
o Collaboration
can be within the same subject or cross-curricular through the use of ICT.
o Pre-school,
primary, secondary and upper secondary schools can all participate
Critical Pedagogy
Critical
Pedagogy called for people living under conditions of oppression to develop a
new foundation for learning.Critical pedagogy
is a teaching approach which attempts to help students question and challenge
domination, and the beliefs and practices that dominate them.It tries to help students become critically conscious. (Wikpedia, 2008) .
Characteristics of Critical Pedagogy
One
of the key objectives of critical pedagogy is to allow students to gain the
necessary social skills to allow them to actively participate in a
transformed & inclusive democratic
community.When you can identify the sources of power, recognize
your own position in relation to power and understand the political
nature of what you learn you can develop your own social actions.
Critical
pedagogy seeks to give those who have been excluded from power the right and
ability to have an input into civic life.
Characteristics of Critical Pedagogy
1.The
following is a list of the goals and methods that critical pedagogy tries to
bring to education.
2.The
objective of this pedagogy (method of education) is to empower students and
help them help themselves.
3.The
aim is to liberate students from oppression.
Project Based Learning
Project Based Learning (PBL)
a Project based learning is a systematic teaching method that engages students in learning essential
knowledge and life-enhancing skills through an extended, student influenced
inquiry process structured around complex authentic questions and carefully
designed products and tasks.It enables
classrooms to emphasis this undervalued part of the “invisible curriculum” what
author Daniel Goleman
has called “emotional intelligence.PBLis an
instructional approach built upon authentic learning activities that engage
student interest & motivation.
Ø
teaches students 21st
century skills as well as content. This skills includes
* Communication & Presentation Skills,
* Organization & time management skills,
* Research & Inquiry skills,
* Self Assessment & Reflection skills, and
* Group Participation & Leadership skills..
Project Based Learning Strategies
*Step
1—Identify Project-worthy Concepts
Step
2—Explore Their Significance and Relevance
Step
3—Find Real-Life Contexts
Step
4—Engage Critical Thinking
Step
5—Write a Project Sketch
Step
6—Plan the Setup
One
Last Step – Workshop your project idea
Characteristics Of PBL
- Students make decision within a prescribed frame work
- There is a problem or challenge without a predetermined solution
- Students design the process for reaching a solution
- Evaluation takes continuously
- Students are responsible for accessing and managing the information they gather
- students regularly reflect on what they are doing
- A final product is produced and is evaluated for quality
- A classroom has an atmosphere that tolerates error and change
Computer Assisted Instruction
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) is a system of educational
instruction performed almost entirely by computer .CAI refers to the application of computer software to address students needs.One application of Computer Aided Instruction is that involves online interations between a learner and a computerized delivery system,in which the computer assumes a direct instructional role .CAI programs that contain tutorials ,drills ,and question and answer sessions to present a topic and to test the student's comprehension.
It is a self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning process. The computer has many purposes in the classroom, and it can be utilized to help a student in all areas of the curriculum. CAI refers to the use of the computer as a tool to facilitate and improve instruction. CAI programs use tutorials, drill and practice, simulation, and problem solving approaches to present topics, and they test the student's understanding
Benifits of CAI
• May feel overwhelmed by the information and resources available
instruction performed almost entirely by computer .CAI refers to the application of computer software to address students needs.One application of Computer Aided Instruction is that involves online interations between a learner and a computerized delivery system,in which the computer assumes a direct instructional role .CAI programs that contain tutorials ,drills ,and question and answer sessions to present a topic and to test the student's comprehension.
It is a self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning process. The computer has many purposes in the classroom, and it can be utilized to help a student in all areas of the curriculum. CAI refers to the use of the computer as a tool to facilitate and improve instruction. CAI programs use tutorials, drill and practice, simulation, and problem solving approaches to present topics, and they test the student's understanding
Types of Computer Assisted Instruction
1. Drill-and-practice Drill and practice provide
opportunities or students to repeatedly practice the skills that have
previously been presented and that further practice is necessary for mastery.
2. Tutorial Tutorial activity includes both
the presentation of information and its extension into different forms of work,
including drill and practice, games and simulation.
3. Games Game software often creates a contest to achieve the highest
score and either beat others or beat the computer.
4. Simulation Simulation software can provide
an approximation of reality that does not require the expense of real life or
its risks.
5. Discovery Discovery approach provides a
large database of information specific to a course or content area and
challenges the learner to analyze, compare, infer and evaluate based on their
explorations of the data.
6. Problem Solving This approach helps children
develop specific problem solving skills and strategies.
Benifits of CAI
- Higher interactivity with students
- Economical once it is setup
- Students can repeat tutorials assignments /lessons asa freequently as they want
- Useful in special education
- One-to-one interaction• Great motivator• Freedom to experiment with different options• Instantaneous response/immediate feedback to the answers elicited• Self pacing - allow students to proceed at their own pace• Helps teacher can devote more time to individual students• Privacy helps the shy and slow learner to learns• Individual attention• learn more and more rapidly•Multimedia helps to understand difficult concepts through multi sensoryapproach• Self directed learning – students can decide when, where, and what to learn
Limitations of CAI
• May feel overwhelmed by the information and resources available
• Over use of multimedia may divert the attention from the content
• Learning becomes too mechanical
• Non availability of good CAI packages
• Lack of infrastructureE-Conferencing
An e conference is a moderated discussion conducted via the internet using e-mail and sometimes a website .An informal e -conference among peers in different cities can be done on the 'messenger' or 'chat' facility provided by communication portal like www.msn.com, www.gmail.com, www.yahoo.com etc .A moderated discussion is different from other electronic chat or disscussion fourms as it builds in a machanism (the moderator) to ensure that participants adhere to the agenda ,and observe the time-line
Benifits
Benifits
- Students of different schools /colleges in different cities or even countries can interact about selected curricular subjects /topics
- Faculty of teacher education institution can confer on the latest theories and practicals concerns, sharing latest developments and best participants in the field of teacher education
- it is also useful tooll to plan events ,hold discussions meetings etc
Educational Blog
1.Educational blogs
Blog is short for weblog. A weblog is
a journal/diary/newsletter that is available for public viewing on the
internet. Blogs help communicate to an audience without the fuss of sending out
newsletters or other paper-based sources, it can be edited and updated
regularly.
Using blogs in education provides pupils with
their own personal writing space where they can write what they like. Schools can
use them for individual, group or class publishing. Blogs have
proved to be a fun way of working and encourage children to take more interest
in their schoolwork.
Creating your own blogger account
1.
Open
Internet Explorer
2.
In
the Address Bar type in: www.blogger.com Scroll down the page
3.
Click
on Create Your Blog Now.
3.
4.
Then
type blog tittle and blog address click continue button
5.
Choose
a template click on continue button
6.
Now
the screen display Your blog has been
created
Facebook is a social utility that
connects us with the people, brands and organizations we care about. Founded in
2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, it has quickly become one of the most used and visited
platforms for people of all ages to communicate and connect with friends and
others who work, study and live around them.
Ways teachers can use Facebook
•
Create a
group for your class and strengthen the communication between you and
your students.
•
Schedule
events for the entire class.
•
Use
message utility in Facebook to message your students about unexpected absences,
rescheduling of exams...etc.,
•
Share
multimedia content like videos, photos, clips and more with your entire class
•
Post
class notes for students to review in case they were absent
•
Try to
involve students who are normally shy in the classroom
•
Facilitate
classroom connections through letting students know each other more
•
Use
Facebook to send reminders, announcements, upcoming due dates or any other
classroom news.
•
Encourage
students to post content of their own such as videos, images, news stories and
other media that relate back to their lessons.
Advantages of the use of Facebook in education
•
Relaxed,
friendly and inviting atmosphere which encourages students
participation and engagement
•
Students
feel comfortable learning through Facebook because most of them use it everyday
•
Facebook
can promote collaboration and social interchange between participants
•
Students
get engaged about their learning outside the classroom
E-learning
e-learning concept
E-Learning is electronic learning, in which the learner uses a computer to learn a task, skill, or
process. It is also referred to as computer-based training, web-based training,
and online learning. E-learning is a new education concept
by using the Internet technology, it deliveries the digital content, provides a
learner-orient environment for the teachers and students. E-Learning is
the use of technology to enable people to learn anytime and anywhere.
E-learning (or eLearning) refers to the use of electronic
media and ICT in education.
E-learning can occur in or out of the classroom. It can be selfaced, asynchronous learning or may be instructor-led, synchronous learning. E-learning is suited
to distance learning .E-learning is
classified as two types online learning and offline learning
Online e-learning (Synchronous and
Asynchronous)
Synchronous learning(at
the same time)
Synchronous learning, which means at the same time
requires interacting with an instructor through the internet in real-time.
Synchronous means that an instructor is present when the course is
delivered, even though the course might be delivered remotely over the
Internet. Synchronous e-Learning lets teachers conduct
classes over the Internet. The synchronous technologies also allow people to
interact with peers and experts.
Examples include:
n listening to a live
radio broadcast
n watching live a
television broadcast
n audio/video
conferencing
n Internet telephony
n online lectures
n two-way live
satellite broadcast
Asynchronous learning
Asynchronous,
which means, "not at the same time," allows the learners to complete
the web based training on his own time and schedule, without live interaction
with the instructor. Asynchronous type classes are completely the opposite of
synchronous classes which means that the instructor does not need to be
present, therefore allowing learners to learn anytime, at their
convenience. Characteristic
for asynchronous learning is the fact that that the trainer prepares the
courseware material before the course takes place. The learner is free to
decide when he wants to study the courseware
n Examples include:
n self paced courses taken via Internet or CD-Rom
n videotaped classes
n stored audio/video Web presentations or seminars
n recorded audio tapes
n Q & A mentoring
reading e-mail messagesSocial networking
Social networking
A social
network service focuses on building online communities of people who share
interests and activities, or who are interested in exploring the interests and
activities of others. Most social network services are web based and provide a
variety of ways for users to interact, such as email and instant messaging
services
Social Networks in Education
- • Provide a casual place of learning
- • Encourage students to express their own thoughts
- • Provide effective collaboration and communication
- • Enhance students’ learning experiences
- • Build an online learning community
Legal and Ethical issues
Legal and Ethical issues
Cracking
Cracking is illegally entering a computer or a
network and using or destroying its databases.
Pornography
Pornography is the display and spreading of
obscene information and pictures.
Copyright
The
exclusive right given by law for a certain term of years to an author, composer
etc.to print, publish and sell copies of his original work. Copyright allows
authors, musicians, artists, etc. to make money of their labor. It also prevents people from altering the
work without permission. Copyright law can be protected, Literary Works,
Musical Works, Dramatic Works, Choreographic Work, Pictorial, Graphic, Sculptural Works, Motion Pictures ,AV, Sound
Recordings, Architectural Works. It give the copyright holders to reproduce the work, Right to prepare
derivative works, Right to distribute copies for sale, Right to perform AV
works publicly, Right to display musical and artistic works publicly.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of taking another
person's writing, conversation, song, or even idea and passing it off as your
own. This includes information from web pages, books, songs, television shows,
email messages, interviews, articles, artworks or any other medium. Whenever
you paraphrase, summarize, or take words, phrases, or sentences from another
person's work, it is necessary to indicate the source of the information within
your paper using an internal citation.
Hacking
The process of attempting
to gain or successfully gaining unauthorized access to computer resources for
the purpose of help or secure system is called hacking. Hacking is the
technique in which any one can access and one’s computer without his permission
. A hacker knows all about the operating system and different holes in the
system. Computer hacking is when files on your computer are view created or
edited without your authorization. Hacker can gain complete access to your
computer from any were in the world if your computer is turned ON, unprotected
and has an internet connection.
1. White-Hat Hackers
The good guys
who identify the security weakness of the system or network and inform the
owner about them. A white hat hacker breaks security for no-malicious reason,
perhaps to test their own security system or while working in a security
company which makes security software. White –hat hacker is also referred to as
the ethical hacker.
2. Black Hat Hacker
A black hat is the villain or bad guy, who crash into
victim’s security to steal information and destroy the victims security
network. Black hat hacker is also known as cracker. Black hat hacker break into
secure networks to destroy data.
3. Grey Hat
Hackers
Grey hat hacker is
the combination of black hat hacker and a white hat hacker .A grey hat hacker may
surf the internet and hack into a computer system for the sole purpose of
notifying the administrator that their system has a security defect, for
example. Then they may offer to correct the defect for a fee.
Twitter is an online social networking service and micro blogging service that enables its users to send and read text-based messages of up to 140 characters, known as "tweets".Twitter is a great resource for education. Educators can learn, share, collaborate, find help and have some great discussions. It is my go-to source when looking for help, advice, tips, tools, and resources for education.
A hash tag is a way of sorting and searching Tweets based on topic. There are tons of great educational hash tags, including #edchat, #edtech, #scichat, and more. Many of these hash tags relate to a scheduled conversation
Twitter in the Classroom
A hash tag is a way of sorting and searching Tweets based on topic. There are tons of great educational hash tags, including #edchat, #edtech, #scichat, and more. Many of these hash tags relate to a scheduled conversation
Twitter in the Classroom
- Sharing online resources (internet sites)
- Connecting to others around the world
- Publishing or sharing links to published work.
- Publicity for important events, blog posts, websites, podcasts, videos, live meetings/discussions, etc.
- Twitter can serve as a resource to get help.
- Twitter can serve as your support group when struggling with a difficult task
- Twitter provides a way to virtually attend confererences, workshops, conventions, etc. (via #hashtags
NEWS GROUPS
NEWS GROUPS
A news group
is a system of discussion group in the Internet which allows users to
discussion with people anywhere in the world on any subject. Newsgroups are
developed from e-mails. These consist of a number of linked users so that an article
posted on the group can be read by any member of the group. Also any member in
the group in the group can post article on the subject. Thousands of different
topics are available in the Internet, they are science, television programs,
hobbies, software, etc.
Major
subjects of news group are divided in to subtopics and so the name of the news
group usually consists of more than one part separated by dots. For example,
the news group ‘alt.arts.movies’ is an alternate news group developed for
movies.
News
group are divided in to moderated news group and unmoderated news group. A
moderated news group controls the content of every article received, before
broadcasting to members. This reduces the quantity of irrelevant articles, and
the quality of articles posted on the news group is maintained. In unmoderated
news groups, there is no control on the article posted to the group. Moderated
news groups have the word moderated at the end of the name.
The
area of interest of major news groups are,
Name Topics
ALT This
is alternative news group. It contains interesting articles.
COMP This refers to computer network group. It
contains articles related to computer.
MISC This is a Miscellaneous news group.
NEWS This newsgroup contains articles about
the newsgroup itself.
REC This is the forum for discussion of articles
relating to various recreational activities.
SCI This newsgroup is meant for science.
SOC This group for discussing topics related to
social science.
TALK This group deals with varied and wide
subjects.
Benefits of
newsgroups
- A fast connection to the internet is not a requirement
News
articles don’t fill up the e-mail inbox- Newsgroups can be searched by keyword
- Most news readers are designed to thread related articles .Threading means that the original article and its responses are kept together ,so that the entire discussion can be followed.
- The latest news can be read during at any time ,since the news server automatically deletes old article even if it is not read .
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