BEd Second sem Timetable

Computer-managed instruction (CMI)

      Computer-managed instruction (CMI) aids the instructor in instructional management without actually doing the teaching. Central CMI themes discussed in the literature are individualization, behavioral objectives, and educational technology. The main objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of two teaching strategies: CMI versus the traditional lecture method. The learning objectives were based on specified theoretical content from a Health Assessment course for baccalaureate nursing students. The design of the study was quasi-experimental incorporating two experimental treatments applied to two groups on two occasions. Data analysis addresses differences between groups using CMI and the traditional lecture method. 

Benefits and Limitations of CMI

With the flexibility of CMI systems, the instructor can choose appropriate objectives and activities in the curriculum based on a specific student’s needs. If it is conducive to the subject, the student can also decide in which order to meet the objectives. The sequence of modules is flexible. The student can also study and progress at his or her own pace as the CMI system is basically instructor-free.

The limitation of this type of system is the need for a central computer system that would allow the instructor to identify and control the student’s activities in different locations at different times. With the expansion of cable modems and DSL, this limitation is steadily becoming a non-issue, except in remote areas. The purpose of CMI is to diagnose student learning needs and prescribe instructional activities appropriate for the needs assessed. This assessment can come from tests on different levels of instruction which show where the student is lacking. The instructor can then choose appropriate objectives, modules, lessons, and courses in the curriculum for the student to study The student has the option of proving mastery of the objectives through module tests that can be taken immediately, or after completing the instructional activities. The student is also involved in deciding which modules to pursue in which order. The pace at which to complete the modules is up to the student since the activities are mostly instructor-free. An example of a possible CMI system design is the Plato Learning Management System (PLM) . Each student will have a slightly different design as it is geared toward the individual.

eTwinning

eTwinning is an action that supports online-based projects between at least two schools from at least two different  countries. The eTwinning Portal was designed to create, manage and run projects.  eTwinning gives recognition, visibility and free tools and support.  Schools form a project and use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to carry out their work.

”eTwinning offers a platform for staff (teachers, head teachers, librarians, etc.), working in a school in one of the European countries involved, to communicate, collaborate, develop projects, share and, in short, feel and be part of the most exciting learning community in Europe. The eTwinning action promotes school collaboration in Europe through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) by providing support, tools and services for schools.”

( http://www.etwinning.net)

 Who can participate?

o  An eTwinning project can be carried out by two or more teachers, teams of teachers or subject departments, librarians, head teachers and pupils from schools across Europe.

o  Collaboration can be within the same subject or cross-curricular through the use of ICT.

o  Pre-school, primary, secondary and upper secondary schools can all participate

Critical Pedagogy

Critical Pedagogy called for people living under conditions of oppression to develop a new foundation for learning.Critical pedagogy is a teaching approach which attempts to help students question and challenge domination, and the beliefs and practices that dominate them.It tries to help students become critically conscious.  (Wikpedia, 2008) .

    One of the key objectives of critical pedagogy is to allow students to gain the necessary social skills to allow them to actively participate in a transformed & inclusive democratic 

community.When you can identify the sources of power, recognize

 your own position in relation to power and understand the political

 nature of what you learn you can develop your own social actions.

Critical pedagogy seeks to give those who have been excluded from power the right and ability to have an input into civic life.  

Characteristics of Critical Pedagogy

1.The following is a list of the goals and methods that critical pedagogy tries to bring to education.

2.The objective of this pedagogy (method of education) is to empower students and help them help themselves.

3.The aim is to liberate students from oppression.

Project Based Learning

Project Based Learning  (PBL)

a Project based learning is a systematic teaching method that engages students in learning essential knowledge and life-enhancing skills through an extended, student influenced inquiry process structured around complex authentic questions and carefully designed products and tasks.It enables classrooms to emphasis this undervalued part of the “invisible curriculum” what author Daniel Goleman has called “emotional intelligence.PBLis an instructional approach built upon authentic learning activities that engage student interest & motivation.

Ø teaches students 21st century skills as well as content. This skills includes

  * Communication & Presentation Skills,

  * Organization & time management skills,

  * Research & Inquiry skills,

  * Self Assessment & Reflection skills, and

  * Group Participation & Leadership skills..

Project Based Learning Strategies

*Step 1—Identify Project-worthy Concepts

 Step 2—Explore Their Significance and Relevance

 Step 3—Find Real-Life Contexts

 Step 4—Engage Critical Thinking

 Step 5—Write a Project Sketch

 Step 6—Plan the Setup

 One Last Step – Workshop your project idea

Characteristics Of PBL

• Students make decision within a prescribed frame work

• There is a problem or challenge without a predetermined solution 

• Students design the process for reaching a solution 

• Evaluation takes continuously

• Students  are responsible for accessing and managing the information they gather

• students regularly reflect on what they are doing

• A final product is produced and is evaluated for quality

• A classroom has an atmosphere that tolerates error and change

Computer Assisted Instruction

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) is a system of educational 
instruction performed almost entirely by computer .CAI refers to the application of computer software to address students needs.One application of Computer Aided  Instruction is that involves online interations between a learner and a computerized delivery system,in which the computer assumes a direct instructional role .CAI programs that contain tutorials ,drills ,and question and answer sessions to present a topic and to test the student's comprehension.

                    It is a self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning process. The computer has many purposes in the classroom, and it can be utilized to help a student in all areas of the curriculum. CAI refers to the use of the computer as a tool to facilitate and improve instruction. CAI programs use tutorials, drill and practice, simulation, and problem solving approaches to present topics, and they test the student's understanding

Types of Computer Assisted Instruction

1. Drill-and-practice Drill and practice provide opportunities or students to repeatedly practice the skills that have previously been presented and that further practice is necessary for mastery.

2. Tutorial Tutorial activity includes both the presentation of information and its extension into different forms of work, including drill and practice, games and simulation.

3. Games Game software often creates a contest to achieve the highest score and either beat others or beat the computer.

4. Simulation Simulation software can provide an approximation of reality that does not require the expense of real life or its risks.

5. Discovery Discovery approach provides a large database of information specific to a course or content area and challenges the learner to analyze, compare, infer and evaluate based on their explorations of the data.

6. Problem Solving This approach helps children develop specific problem solving skills and strategies.

Benifits of CAI

• Higher interactivity with students
• Economical once it is setup
• Students can repeat tutorials assignments /lessons asa freequently as they want
• Useful in special education 
• One-to-one interaction
  • Great motivator
  • Freedom to experiment with different options
  • Instantaneous response/immediate feedback to the answers elicited
  • Self pacing - allow students to proceed at their own pace
  • Helps teacher can devote more time to individual students
  • Privacy helps the shy and slow learner to learns
  • Individual attention
  • learn more and more rapidly
  •Multimedia helps to understand difficult concepts through multi sensory
     approach
  • Self directed learning – students can decide when, where, and what to learn

Limitations of CAI

• May feel overwhelmed by the information and resources available

• Over use of multimedia may divert the attention from the content

• Learning becomes too mechanical

• Non availability of good CAI packages

• Lack of infrastructure

E-Conferencing

An e conference is a moderated discussion conducted via the internet using e-mail and sometimes a website .An informal e -conference among peers in different cities can be done on the 'messenger' or 'chat' facility provided by communication portal like www.msn.com, www.gmail.com, www.yahoo.com etc .A moderated discussion is different from other electronic chat or disscussion fourms as it builds in a machanism (the moderator) to ensure that participants adhere to the agenda ,and observe the time-line

Benifits 

• Students of different schools /colleges in different cities or even countries can interact about selected curricular subjects /topics
• Faculty of teacher education institution can confer  on the latest theories and practicals concerns, sharing latest developments and best participants in the field of teacher education 
• it is also useful tooll to plan events ,hold discussions meetings etc